Dependence of Agricultural Machinery Specific Resistance on Soil Hardness
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.32515/2664-262X.2026.13(44).286-300Keywords:
soil hardness, soil resistivity, working speed, slippage, crop residues, working width, machine resistivity, working parts of agricultural machinery, productivityAbstract
The purpose of this study is to enhance the efficiency of machine unit assembly by developing a unified method for substantiating the specific resistance of machines equipped with various working tools, based on soil hardness values. The article investigates the dependence of the specific resistance of agricultural machinery on key factors: soil hardness, working tool shape and material, tillage depth, presence of crop residues, and operating speed.
Traditional field dynamometry is analyzed, highlighting its drawbacks (high labor intensity, requirement for specialized equipment, substantial time and financial costs). A novel approach is proposed for substantiating the specific resistance of agricultural machines with diverse working tools. This method substitutes the specific soil resistance during plowing with its hardness index (measured using a penetrometer), incorporating correction coefficients for working tool shape (c), working surface material (λ), presence of crop residues (z), and the nonlinear effect of travel speed.
Field experiments conducted on typical soils of the Sumy region (Institute of Agriculture of the North-East of the National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine) established a layered dependence of soil hardness and specific resistance on depth (0–30 cm) with high reliability. Based on the obtained data, a mathematical model of the total and specific resistance of the machine was developed, accounting for both static and dynamic (inertial) components.
Using the example of the Claas Axion 930 tractor aggregated with the Lemken Rubin 10 disc harrow, the pattern of increasing resistance and slippage with rising speed (5–12 km/h) and soil hardness (0.75–3.0 MPa) is demonstrated. It is shown that at higher soil hardness levels, the rate of increase in resistance and slippage with speed rises substantially.
For practical implementation, a program was created in Microsoft Excel 2016 to facilitate laboratory analyses. The proposed approach enables a significant reduction in costs for full-scale experiments, improves the accuracy of predicting traction characteristics, and optimizes the selection of tractors and implements under varying agrotechnical conditions.
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